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These interrelated questions cover philosophical domains as diverse as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, scientific methodology, and the philosophy of biology, mind and language. This article covers the four questions and also looks at some newly emerging philosophical questions about dreams:. Section 1 introduces the traditional philosophical question that Descartes asked himself, a question which has championed scepticism about the external world.
How can I be sure I am not always dreaming, or dreaming right now? Philosophers have typically looked for features that distinguish dreams from waking life and one key debate centres on whether it is possible to feel pain in a dream.
Section 2 surveys the ethics of dreaming. The classical view of Augustine is contrasted with more abstract ethical positions, namely, those of the Deontologist, the Consequentialist and the Virtue Ethicist. The notion of lucid dreaming is examined here in light of the question of responsibility during dreaming and how we treat other dream characters. Sections 3 covers the various different positions, objections and replies to question 3: the debate about whether dreaming is, or is not, a conscious state.
The challenges from Malcolm and Dennett are covered. These challenges question the authority of the common-sense view of dreaming as a consciously experienced state.
Malcolm argues that the concept of dreaming is incoherent, while Dennett puts forward a theory of dreaming without appealing to consciousness. Section 4 covers the evolutionary debate, the awakening essays, where empirical work ultimately leaves us uncertain of the extent to which natural selection has shaped dreaming, if at all, the awakening essays.
Early approaches by Freud and Jung are reviewed, the awakening essays, followed by approaches by Flanagan and Revonsuo. Though Freud, Jung and Revonsuo have argued that dreaming is functional, Flanagan represents a view shared by many neuroscientists that dreaming has no function at all. Section 5 looks at questions 5 and 6.
Question 5 is about the cutting edge issue of precisely how dreaming should be integrated into the research program of the awakening essays. Should dreaming be taken as a scientific model of consciousness?
Might dreaming play another role such as a contrast analysis with other mental states? Question 6, which raises a question of the exact qualitative nature of dreaming, has a longer history, though it is also receiving contemporary attention. The section outlines reasons favouring the orthodox view of psychology, that dream imagery is perceptual hallucinatoryand reasons favouring the philosophical challenge to that orthodoxy, that dreams are ultimately imaginative in nature.
Descartes strove for certainty in the beliefs we hold. In his Meditations on First Philosophy he wanted to find out what we can believe with certainty and thereby claim as knowledge. He begins by stating that he is certain of being seated by the fire in front of him, the awakening essays.
He then dismisses the idea that this belief could be certain because he has been deceived before in dreams where he has similarly been convinced that he was seated by a fire, only to wake and discover that he was only dreaming that he was seated by a fire.
How can I know that I am not now dreaming? is the resulting famous question Descartes asked himself. In answering the question, due to the sensory deception of dreams, Descartes believes that we cannot trust our senses in waking life without invoking a benevolent God who would surely not deceive us.
The phenomenon of dreaming is used as key evidence for the sceptical hypothesis that everything we currently believe to be true could be false and generated by a dream, the awakening essays.
A dream makes it feel as though the dreamer is carrying out actions in waking life, the awakening essays during a dream we do not realize that it is a dream we are experiencing.
Descartes claims that the experience of a dream could in principle be indistinguishable from waking life — whatever apparent subjective differences there are between waking life and dreaming, they are insufficient differences to gain certainty that I am not now dreaming, the awakening essays.
Descartes is left unsure that the objects in front of him are real — whether he is dreaming of their existence or whether they really are there. In this method, he would use any means to subject a statement or allegedly true belief to the most critical scrutiny. There is, Descartes alleges, a sufficient similarity between the two experiences for dreamers to be routinely deceived into believing that they are having waking experiences while we are actually asleep and dreaming.
The dream argument has similarities to his later evil demon argument. According to this later argument, the awakening essays, I cannot be sure anything I believe for I may just be being deceived by a malevolent demon. Both arguments have the same structure: nothing can rule out my being duped into believing I am having experience X, the awakening essays, when I am really in state Y, hence I cannot have knowledge Z, about my the awakening essays state.
Even if the individuals happen to be right in their belief that they are not being deceived by an evil demon and even if individuals really are having a waking life experience, they are left unable to distinguish reality from their dream experiences in order to gain certainty in their belief that they are not now dreaming.
One main claim that has been replied to is the idea that there are no certain marks to distinguish waking consciousness from dreaming. Hobbes believed that an absence of the absurd in waking life was a key difference Hobbes, Part 1, Chapter 2. Though sleeping individuals are too wrapped up in the absurdity of their dreams to be able to distinguish their states, an individual who is awake can tell, simply because the absurdity is no longer there during wakefulness.
Locke compared real pain to dream pain. He asks Descartes to consider the difference between dreaming of being in the fire and actually being in the fire Locke, Book 4, Chapter 2, the awakening essays, § 2, the awakening essays. Descartes thought that dreams are protean Hill, b. This protean claim was necessary for Descartes to mount his sceptical argument about the external world.
After all, if there was even one experience during waking life which simply could the awakening essays occur during dreaming, then, in that moment at least, the awakening essays, we could be sure we are awake and in contact with the external world, rather than dreaming. Locke alleged that he had found a gap in the awakening essays protean claim: we do not and cannot feel pain in dreams.
The notion of pain occurring in a dream has now been put to the test in a number of scientific studies through quantitative analysis of the content of dream diaries in the case of ordinary dreams and also by participating lucid dreamers. According to the empirical work then, Locke is wrong about his claim, though he might still query whether really agonizing and ongoing pain as in his original request of being in a fire might not be possible in dreams.
We are awake and the awakening essays asleep dreaming if we can connect our current experiences to the overall course of our lives. Essentially, through using the principle of coherence, we can think more critically in waking life. Hobbes seems to adhere to something like the principle of coherence in his appeal to absurdity as a key feature of dreams.
Though dreams do have a tendency to involve the awakening essays lack of critical thinking, it still seems possible that we could wake with a dream connecting to the overall course of our lives.
It is generally accepted that there is no certain way to distinguish dreaming from waking life, though the claim that this ought to undermine our knowledge in any way is controversial. Descartes relied on a notion of belief that was the same in both dreaming and waking life.
Of course, if I have never believed, in sleep, that I was seated by the fire when I was actually asleep in bed, then none of my dreams challenge the perceptual and introspective beliefs I have during waking life, the awakening essays.
Ichikawa agrees with Sosa that in dreams we imagine scenarios rather than believe we are engaged in scenarios as though the awakening essaysthe awakening essays, but he argues in contrast to Sosa, that this does not avoid scepticism about the external world.
Even when dreams trade in imaginings rather than beliefs, the dreams still create subjectively indistinguishable experiences from waking experience. I still cannot really tell the difference between the experiences. The new worry is whether the belief The awakening essays have in waking life is really a belief, rather the awakening essays an imagining during dreaming and so scepticism is not avoided, so Ichikawa claims.
Since the late twentieth century, discussion the awakening essays the moral and criminal responsibility of dreaming has been centred on sleep walking, where sleep-walkers have harmed others. The assessment has typically been carried out in practical, rather than theoretical, settings, for example law courts, the awakening essays. Setting aside the notion of sleepwalking, philosophers are more concerned with the phenomenology of ordinary dreams, the awakening essays.
Does the notion of right and wrong apply to dreams themselves, the awakening essays, as well as actions done by sleepwalkers? Saint Augustineseeking to live a morally perfect life, was worried about some of the actions he carried out in dreams. For somebody the awakening essays devoted his life to celibacy, his sexual dreams of fornication worried him.
In his Confessions Book X; Chapter 30he writes to God, the awakening essays. He talks of the awakening essays success in quelling sexual thoughts and earlier habits from his life before his religious conversion. But he declares that in dreams he seems to have little control over committing the acts that he avoids during the waking day.
In trying to solve the problem Augustine appeals to the apparent experiential difference between waking and dreaming life. Augustine was not carrying out actions but was rather undergoing an experience which happened to him without choice on his part.
By effectively removing agency from dreaming, the awakening essays, we cannot be responsible for what happens in our dreams. As a result, the notion of sin or moral responsibility cannot be applied to our dreams Flanagan, p. According to Augustine, only actions are morally evaluable.
He is committed to the claim that all events that occur in dreams are non-actions. The claim that actions do not occur during sleep is brought into question by lucid dreams which seem to involve genuine actions and decision making processes whereby dreaming individuals can control, affect and alter the course of the dream. Lucid dreaming is therefore evidence against this premise. In the next section we will see what the two main ethical positions might say on the issue of right and wrong in dreams.
Dreaming is an instance of a more general concern about a subset of thoughts — fantasies — that occur, potentially without affecting behaviour We seem to carry out actions during dreams in the awakening essays realities involving other characters. So perhaps we ought to consider whether we are morally responsible for actions in dreams.
More generally, are we morally obliged to not entertain certain thoughts, even if these thoughts do not affect our later actions and do not harm others? The same issue might be pressed with the use of violent video games, though the link to later behaviour is more controversial, the awakening essays. Some people enjoy playing the awakening essays video games and the more graphic the better. The awakening essays that unethical in and of itself? Dreaming is perhaps a special instance because in ordinary dreams we believe we are carrying out actions in real life.
What might the two main moral theories say about the issue, with the assumption in place that what we do in dreams does not affect our behaviour in waking life? Consequentialism is a broad family of ethical doctrines which always assesses an action in terms of the consequences it has. There are two separate issues — ethical and empirical. The empirical question asks whether dreams, fantasies and video games are really without behavioural consequence towards others.
To be clear, the Consequentialist is not arguing that dreams do not have any consequences, only that if they really do have no consequences then they are not morally evaluable or should be deemed neutral. The more liberal Consequentialists might even see value in these instances of free thought. That is, there might be some intrinsic good in allowing such freedom of the mind but this is not a value that can be outweighed by actual harm to others, so the Consequentialists might claim.
If having the awakening essays lucid dreams makes me nicer to people in waking life, the awakening essays, then the Consequentialist will actually endorse such activity during sleep. Consequentialists will grant their argument even though dream content has an intentional relation to other people.
Namely, dreams can often have singular content. Singular content, or singular thought, is to be contrasted with general content the notion of singular thought is somewhat complex.
Readers should consult Jeshion, If I simply form a mental representation of a blond Hollywood actor, the features of the representation might be too vague to pick out any particular individual.
My representation could equally be fulfilled by Brad Pitt, Steve McQueen, a fictional movie star or countless other individuals.
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, time: 2:50:28Finding Happiness: Essays On Awakening To The Joy Of Everyday Life|Dick Rauscher.
Oct 28, · While any artist's first full-length project is a defining career milestone, CRAVITY ensured their first album became the thesis for the K-pop boy band's artistic outlook. More than a year after entering the industry with three EP releases, CRAVITY unveiled "Part 1" of their full-length album The Awakening: Written in the Stars to declare their vision as a group and for their listeners Essays on queer cinema. Which is more important in the workplace emotional intelligence or intellectual intelligence essay essay on traditional food of gujarat format college essays How to in, essay on spring season, medical essay prompt francis bacon of studies essay summary, corruption in education system in pakistan essay.. What is a great way to start an essay Essays Historical Context Essay Literary Context Essay Central Idea Essay Suggested Essay Topics Mini Essays Edna has with Doctor Mandelet in Chapter XXXVIII, may be considered the overarching message, or “moral,” of The Awakening. Even though Edna’s awakening leads her to suffer from the wisdom and self-awareness it affords her, the
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